As early as 1492, when bloodletting was still a common practice, people also began to explore the possibility of transferring blood from one human to another as a way to improve health. Sadly, this exploration began before there was a sound understanding of the circulatory system, so the earliest attempts at transfusions including blood drained from living individuals being poured into the mouth of the sick individual. Highly disturbing, I know. Keep in mind that Dracula wasn’t published until 1897,long after the idea of drinking blood to sustain life apparently already existed (1). Blood circulation was discovered in 1628 by William Harvey (2). In 1667, two separate successful transfusions of sheep blood to humans were recorded, and in 1818 the first human-to-human transfusion was recorded after it saved the life of a woman who hemorrhaged after giving birth (2). The use of milk and saline transfusions as “blood substitutes” was also attempted in late 19th century, but caused several adverse reactions, as you might expect (2). These transfusions did not involve fancy machinery and needles used for transfusion today; the blood was given to the individuals via several injections. The four blood types (A, B, AB, O) were discovered in 1901—1902, and soon it was understood that transfusions could only occur successfully with matching or compatible blood types or else the body would reject the donor blood via an immune response. By 1907, the blood of donors and recipients was routinely tested and matched (1). In 1914, a huge step toward blood banking occurred when research showed that adding sodium citrate to blood, mixing it, and then keeping the blood refrigerated prevented the blood from clotting and allowed it to be stored for several days. By 1917, an Army doctor began collecting and storing type O blood in preparation for World War I. Various blood facilities arose throughout the twentieth century, and in 1941, the Red Cross organized a “civilian blood donor service” to collect blood in response to the need from World War II. Incredibly, plastic blood-storing bags were not invented until 1948, but subsequently were a great resource for the blood-banking efforts, which previously relied on bulky vacuum bottles. The Red Cross helped to normalize blood donation to aid wounded soldiers during World War II and had collected more than 13 million pints of blood by 1945. Originally, many blood banks paid the donors for their blood, but by 1970 the U.S. blood banks transitioned to completely volunteer donor systems. In 1974, the U.S. government yielded to the calls of the Red Cross and established an end to paid donations for transfusion use. By 1978, bags of blood were required to be labeled “volunteer” or “paid” (2). Paid blood donations could only be used for pharmaceutical companies and research purposes in order to diminish motivation for individuals with diseases or circumstances which would prevent them from donating to lie about their medical history in order to receive compensation for their donation. The development and diagnosis of the first cases of AIDS in the United States occurred in 1981, causing a flurry of caution and concern about blood donation being a source of AIDS transfer. In 1985, the test to identify whether a blood sample was HIV/AIDS positive or negative was developed (1). Today, many community based blood-donation centers also exist, but the Red Cross continues to be the major player in U.S. blood donation and blood banking because they collect an excess of donated blood in certain areas and then use it to supply hospital blood banks in need around the country .
As early as 1492, when bloodletting was still a common practice, people also began to explore the possibility of transferring blood from one human to another as a way to improve health. Sadly, this exploration began before there was a sound understanding of the circulatory system, so the earliest attempts at transfusions including blood drained from living individuals being poured into the mouth of the sick individual. Highly disturbing, I know. Keep in mind that Dracula wasn’t published until 1897, long after the idea of drinking blood to sustain life apparently already existed . Blood circulation was discovered in 1628 by William Harvey. In 1667, two separate successful transfusions of sheep blood to humans were recorded, and in 1818 the first human-to-human transfusion was recorded after it saved the life of a woman who hemorrhaged after giving birth.The use of milk and saline transfusions as “blood substitutes” was also attempted in late 19th century, but caused several adverse reactions, as you might expect .These transfusions did not involve fancy machinery and needles used for transfusion today; the blood was given to the individuals via several injections. The four blood types (A, B, AB, O) were discovered in 1901—1902, and soon it was understood that transfusions could only occur successfully with matching or compatible blood types or else the body would reject the donor blood via an immune response. By 1907, the blood of donors and recipients was routinely tested and matched.
In 1914, a huge step toward blood banking occurred when research showed that adding sodium citrate to blood, mixing it, and then keeping the blood refrigerated prevented the blood from clotting and allowed it to be stored for several days. By 1917, an Army doctor began collecting and storing type O blood in preparation for World War I. Various blood facilities arose throughout the twentieth century, and in 1941, the Red Cross organized a “civilian blood donor service” to collect blood in response to the need from World War II. Incredibly, plastic blood-storing bags were not invented until 1948, but subsequently were a great resource for the blood-banking efforts, which previously relied on bulky vacuum bottles. The Red Cross helped to normalize blood donation to aid wounded soldiers during World War II and had collected more than 13 million pints of blood by 1945. Originally, many blood banks paid the donors for their blood, but by 1970 the U.S. blood banks transitioned to completely volunteer donor systems. In 1974, the U.S. government yielded to the calls of the Red Cross and established an end to paid donations for transfusion use. By 1978, bags of blood were required to be labeled “volunteer” or “paid”.Paid blood donations could only be used for pharmaceutical companies and research purposes in order to diminish motivation for individuals with diseases or circumstances which would prevent them from donating to lie about their medical history in order to receive compensation for their donation. The development and diagnosis of the first cases of AIDS in the United States occurred in 1981, causing a flurry of caution and concern about blood donation being a source of AIDS transfer. In 1985, the test to identify whether a blood sample was HIV/AIDS positive or negative was developed. Today, many community based blood-donation centers also exist, but the Red Cross continues to be the major player in U.S. blood donation and blood banking because they collect an excess of donated blood in certain areas and then use it to supply hospital blood banks in need around the country .
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